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ToxSci Advance Access originally published online on January 11, 2008
Toxicological Sciences 2008 102(2):359-370; doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfn006
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Published by Oxford University Press 2008.
The online version of this article has been published under an open access model. Users are entitled to use, reproduce, disseminate, or display the open access version of this article for non-commercial purposes provided that: the original authorship is properly and fully attributed; the Journal and Oxford University Press are attributed as the original place of publication with the correct citation details given; if an article is subsequently reproduced or disseminated not in its entirety but only in part or as a derivative work this must be clearly indicated. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Increased Transcription of Immune and Metabolic Pathways in Naïve and Allergic Mice Exposed to Diesel Exhaust

Tina Stevens*, Quentin T. Krantz{dagger}, William P. Linak{ddagger}, Susan Hester§ and M. Ian Gilmour{dagger},1

* Curriculum of Toxicology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 {dagger} Experimental Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory {ddagger} Air Pollution and Prevention Control Division, National Risk Management Research Laboratory § Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711

1 To whom correspondence should be addressed at U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711. Fax: (919) 541-0026. E-mail: gilmour.ian{at}epa.gov.

Received October 19, 2007; accepted January 7, 2008


  Abstract

Diesel exhaust (DE) has been shown to enhance allergic sensitization in animals following high-dose instillation or chronic inhalation exposure scenarios. The purpose of this study was to determine if short-term exposures to diluted DE enhance allergic immune responses to antigen, and identify possible mechanisms using microarray technology. BALB/c mice were exposed to filtered air or diluted DE to yield particle concentrations of 500 or 2000 µg/m3 4 h/day on days 0–4. Mice were immunized intranasally with ovalbumin (OVA) antigen or saline on days 0–2, challenged on day 18 with OVA or saline, and all mice were challenged with OVA on day 28. Mice were necropsied either 4 h after the last DE exposure on day 4, or 18, 48, and 96 h after the last challenge. Immunological endpoints included OVA-specific serum IgE, biochemical and cellular profiles of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and cytokine production in the BAL. OVA-immunized mice exposed to both concentrations of DE had increased eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and interleukin-6 (high dose only) post-challenge compared with OVA control, whereas DE/saline exposure yielded increases in neutrophils at the high dose only. Transcriptional microarray analysis 4 h after the last DE exposure demonstrated distinct gene expression profiles for the high-dose DE/OVA and DE/saline groups. DE/OVA induced oxidative stress and metabolism pathways, whereas DE in the absence of immunization modulated cell cycle control, growth and differentiation, G-proteins, and cell adhesion pathways. This study shows for the first time early changes in gene expression induced by the combination of DE inhalation and mucosal immunization, which resulted in stronger development of allergic eosinophilia.

Key Words: diesel; genomics; mice; lung; allergy.


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