ToxSci Advance Access originally published online on August 24, 2009
Toxicological Sciences 2009 112(1):17-22; doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfp202
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Endless Possibilities: Stem Cells and the Vision for Toxicology Testing in the 21st Century
Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology, Drug Safety R&D, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06365
* To whom correspondence should be addressed at Pfizer Global R&D, Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Center of Expertise, MS 8274-1336, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340. Fax: (860) 686-0090. E-mail: Robert.e.chapin{at}pfizer.com.
Received July 31, 2009; accepted August 18, 2009
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Abstract |
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The National Research Council's (NRC) toxicity testing vision lays out a bold future for our field. It depends heavily on computational algorithms based on the latest knowledge of cellular biochemistry and protein interaction pathways, exposing human cells to novel compounds in vitro, and being able to understand the changes seen. At the same time, significant strides are being made in our understanding of the control, production, and "behavior" of stem cells. While stem cells offer seemingly limitless possibilities for regenerative medicine, they have already delivered new assays to predict embryo-fetal developmental toxicity in vitro. In addition to providing a model of cells undergoing differentiation and proliferation, stem cells will play a major role by giving rise to many of the differentiated cell types on which this new vision depends. These will not be pure populations of single cell types but mixtures of cells much more representative of tissues in vitro. Moving from cells alone in a culture dish toward the more physiological condition of multiple cell types being able to interact to maintain homeostasis in the face of a disequilibrating force (like a toxic exposure) will lead us toward more useful and correct predictions of in vivo toxicities. Despite the seemingly insurmountable hurdles, persistence and creativity are on our side. We expect that a long series of successive iterations of predictive models will eventually yield a working process that approximates the NRC's vision and delivers on the promise of faster evaluation of chemicals with reduced animal use.
Key Words: embryonic stem cells; induced pluripotent stem cells; predictive toxicology; toxicity testing.