Toxicological Sciences, Vol 52, 56-60, Copyright © 1999 by Society of Toxicology
BC Hansen, NL Bodkin and HK Ortmeyer
Long term chronic calorie restriction (CR) of adult nonhuman primates
significantly reduces morbidity and increases median age of death. The
present review is focused upon an ongoing study of sustained adult- onset
calorie restriction, which has been underway for 15 years. Monkeys,
initially calorie restricted at about 10 years of age, are now
approximately 25 years old. The median life span of these restricted
monkeys is increasing, now exceeding that of ad libitum (AL)-fed monkeys.
In our laboratory, maximum life span for AL-fed monkeys appears to be about
40 years. Thus, whether CR can also increase maximal life span, as it does
in rodents, cannot be determined for at least another 15 years. The
earliest detectable positive benefit on morbidity in these monkeys was
previously reported as the prevention of obesity. Current evidence, as
reviewed here, suggests that much obesity- associated morbidity is also
mitigated by sustained calorie restraint in nonhuman primates. Furthermore,
probably because of the prevention of obesity, diabetes has also been
prevented. Recent findings include the identification of extraordinary
changes in the glycogen synthesis pathway, and on the phosphorylation of
glycogen synthase in response to insulin. This calorie restriction-induced
prevention of morbidity does not require excessive leanness, but is clearly
present when body fat is within the normal range of 10 to 22%, and this is
likely to be true in humans as well.
ARTICLES
Calorie restriction in nonhuman primates: mechanisms of reduced morbidity and mortality
Obesity and Diabetes Research Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore 21201, USA. bchansen@aol.com
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