ToxSci Advance Access originally published online on January 31, 2003
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Toxicological Sciences 72, 77-83 (2003)
Copyright © 2003 by the Society of Toxicology
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY |
Comparison of in Vitro and in Vivo Bioassays for Estrogenicity in Effluent from North American Municipal Wastewater Facilities
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* Environmental Toxicology Research Program, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677;
Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506;
Institute of Applied Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203; and
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521
Attempts to better understand causal factors affecting estrogenicity in municipal wastewater have primarily focused on analytical evaluation of specific chemical estrogens and the use of estrogen receptor (ER) based in vitro assays. To compare analytical,in vitro, andin vivo assays for estrogenicity, wastewater from four New York and one Texas municipal wastewater facilities was evaluated for estrogenic activity using the yeast estrogen screen assay (YES) and anin vivo fish vitellogenin (VTG) assay. Estrogenic activity, as measured by the YES assay, was observed in methanol and/or methylene chloride eluents from C18 extracts in two of the New York treatment facilities and the Texas facility. Estradiol equivalents for the YES assay data ranged from 
1 to 15 ng/l. Male Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) were then exposed for 7 days to solvent extracts from the New York-Red Hook facility and the Texas facility. Hepatic and plasma vitellogenin were induced in medaka after exposure to the methanol eluent from the New York facility, even though the YES assay indicated that both the methanol and methylene chloride eluents were estrogenic. Whereas an estrogenic response in the YES assay was only observed in the methanol eluent from the Texas facility, plasma VTG induction was observed in both the methanol and methylene chloride eluents.In vivo estrogenic activity was nearly 10-fold greater than YES activity indicating the presence of nonestrogen receptor ligands that elicit estrogenic effects in fish through indirect mechanisms. The sole use ofin vitroassays to screen for estrogenicity may underestimate estrogenic potential of wastewater.
Key Words: YES; wastewater effluent; estrogenic activity; vitellogenin.
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