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ToxSci Advance Access originally published online on May 5, 2004
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Toxicological Sciences 80, 225-229 (2004)
Toxicological Sciences vol. 80 no. 2 © Society of Toxicology 2004; all rights reserved.

Human Carcinogenic Risk Evaluation: An Alternative Approach to the Two-Year Rodent Bioassay

Samuel M. Cohen1

Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 983135 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-3135

Received March 29, 2004; accepted April 21, 2004

An approach to the evaluation of carcinogenic risk resulting from exposure to a given chemical is presented in place of a reliance on two-year rodent bioassays. An emphasis is placed on evaluation of the potential DNA reactivity or increased cell proliferation that can be produced by a chemical. The special cases of immunosuppressive and estrogenic chemicals are considered. These evaluations are proposed to involve a combination of in vitro assays, computerized models, and short-term (up to 13 weeks) bioassays in rodents. The emphasis is on mechanistic understanding and evaluation of the dose response and relevance to humans.

Key Words: mechanism; DNA reactive; non-genotoxic; estrogen; immunosuppressive; cell proliferation.


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