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ToxSci Advance Access originally published online on June 28, 2006
Toxicological Sciences 2006 93(2):268-277; doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfl053
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© The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Toxicology. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

The Colloidal Thyroxine (T4) Ring as a Novel Biomarker of Perchlorate Exposure in the African Clawed Frog Xenopus laevis

Fang Hu*, Bibek Sharma{dagger}, Sandeep Mukhi{ddagger}, Reynaldo Patiño§ and James A. Carr*,1

* Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-3131; {dagger} Department of Range, Wildlife and Fisheries Management and Texas Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Unit, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-2120; {ddagger} Department of Environmental Toxicology and Texas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1160; and § U.S. Geological Survey Texas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit and Department of Range, Wildlife and Fisheries Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-2120

Received April 26, 2006; accepted June 21, 2006

The purpose of this study was to determine if changes in colloidal thyroxine (T4) immunoreactivity can be used as a biomarker of perchlorate exposure in amphibian thyroid tissue. Larval African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) were exposed to 0, 1, 8, 93, and 1131 µg perchlorate/l for 38 and 69 days to cover the normal period of larval development and metamorphosis. The results of this study confirmed the presence of an immunoreactive colloidal T4 ring in thyroid follicles of X. laevis and demonstrated that the intensity of this ring is reduced in a concentration-dependent manner by perchlorate exposure. The smallest effective concentration of perchlorate capable of significantly reducing colloidal T4 ring intensity was 8 µg perchlorate/l. The intensity of the immunoreactive colloidal T4 ring is a more sensitive biomarker of perchlorate exposure than changes in hind limb length, forelimb emergence, tail resorption, thyrocyte hypertrophy, or colloid depletion. We conclude that the colloidal T4 ring can be used as a sensitive biomarker of perchlorate-induced thyroid disruption in amphibians.

Key Words: perchlorate; biomarker; thyroid; amphibian; endocrine; disruption.


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[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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