ToxSci Advance Access originally published online on January 3, 2008
Toxicological Sciences 2008 102(2):291-309; doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfm313
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Toxicogenomic Analysis of Gender, Chemical, and Dose Effects in Livers of TCDD- or Aroclor 1254–Exposed Rats Using a Multifactor Linear Model
* General Electric Company, Global Research Center, Environmental Technology Laboratory, One Research Circle, Niskayuna, New York 12309
General Electric Company, Global Research Center, Applied Statistics Laboratory, One Research Circle, Niskayuna, New York 12309
W. Harry Feinstone Center Genomic Research, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38512
1 To whom the correspondence should be addressed at General Electric Company, Global Research Center, Environmental Technology Laboratory, One Research Circle, Niskayuna, NY 12309. Fax: 518-387-6972. E-mail: silkworth{at}crd.ge.com.
Received October 16, 2007; accepted December 21, 2007
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Abstract |
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Chronic exposure of Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats to either 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) or Aroclor 1254 results in female-selective induction of hepatic tumors. The relative potency of dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyl mixtures, such as Aroclor 1254, is often estimated using the internationally endorsed toxic equivalency (TEQ) approach. Comparing the genome wide changes in gene expression in both genders following exposure to TEQ doses of these chemicals should identify critical sets of early response genes while further defining the concept of the TEQ of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons. Aroclor 1254 at 0.6, 6.0, and 60 mg/kg body weight and TEQ doses of TCDD (0.3 and 3.0 µg/kg), calculated to match the top two Aroclor 1254 doses, were orally administered to SD rats for three consecutive days. Day 4 gene expression in hepatic tissue was determined using microarrays. A linear mixed-effects statistical model was developed to analyze the data in relation to treatment, gender, and gender * treatment (G*T) interactions. The genes most changed included 54 genes with and 51 genes without a significant model G*T term. The known aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) battery genes (Cyp1a1, Cyp1a2, Cyp1b1, Aldh3a1), and novel genes, responded in a TEQ dose-dependent manner in both genders. However, an important observation was the apparent disruption of sexually dimorphic basal gene expression, particularly for female rats. Because many of these genes are involved in steroid metabolism, exposure to either TCDD or Aroclor 1254 could disrupt proliferative signals more in female rats as a possible consequence of altered estrogen metabolism. This study extends the findings of previous rodent bioassays by identifying groups of genes, other than the well-characterized AHR response genes, whose disruption may be important in the tumorigenic mechanism in this rat strain.
Key Words: TCDD; Aroclor 1254; PCB; microarray; liver; toxic equivalency factor.