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ToxSci Advance Access originally published online on October 4, 2009
Toxicological Sciences 2009 112(2):297-302; doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfp234
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© The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Toxicology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A View from the Chemical Industry

James S. Bus*,1 and Richard A. Becker{dagger}

* Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674 {dagger} American Chemistry Council, Washington, District of Columbia 22209

1 To whom correspondence should be addressed. Fax: (989) 638-9863. E-mail: jbus@dow.com.

Received August 13, 2009; accepted September 17, 2009

Key Words: environmental chemicals; toxicity testing; human exposure.

The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below.


   INTRODUCTION
 
The rapid onset of the science and experimental tools of molecular biology and genomics has presented the toxicology community with an unprecedented opportunity to reexamine, and potentially significantly restructure, many of the decades-long principles and practices guiding translation of conventional animal toxicology data to scientifically informed assessments of adverse human health risks. Implementation of this energizing and transformational technology into toxicology has of course been recently catalyzed by the report of the U.S. National Research Council (NRC) report, Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy (National Research Council, Committee on Toxicity Testing and Assessment of Environmental Agents, Board of Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, 2007aGo), and was overviewed in Part I of this Forum series (Andersen and Krewski, 2009Go). The NRC report outlined the promise that the new technologies could dramatically increase both the number of chemicals comprehensively evaluated as . . . [Full Text of this Article]


   PERSPECTIVES TO CONSIDER
 
Environmental Chemical Assessments have Different False-Positive/Negative Implications than New Chemicals Undergoing Closed Development Programs
Any New Testing Paradigm must Adequately Account for Complex Biological Events Driving Expression of Toxicity
Integrating the Expanding Body of Knowledge on Human Exposures to Environmental Agents is a Key Opportunity for Implementation of the Vision
The New Technologies Should Not be Solely Focused on Predicting Toxicity Outcomes, but also Offer Enormous Opportunity to Re-examine and Experimentally Test Default Assumptions Underpinning Environmental Chemical Risk Assessments
Closing Observations

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