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Toxicological Sciences 65, 7-17 (2002)
Copyright © 2002 by the Society of Toxicology

FORUM

The Effect of Particles on Allergic Immune Responses

Berit Granum,1 and Martinus Løvik

Department of Environmental Medicine, National Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway

Received February 26, 2001; accepted September 19, 2001


   INTRODUCTION
 
In recent decades, an increased prevalence of allergic conditions has been observed in developed countries (Howarth, 1998Go). The development of allergic diseases depends upon both genetic predisposition and the environment. Genetic alterations, however, are not sufficient to explain the observed increase in the prevalence of allergy and asthma since these changes have occurred rapidly, over only a few decades, in very large outbred populations (Hopkin, 1997Go). Thus, environmental factors appear to play an important role. Both epidemiological and laboratory studies have shown that airborne pollutants, such as particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone, may be capable of causing adverse effects on respiratory health (reviewed in Anderson, 1997Go; Devalia et al., 1994Go; Jörres et al., 1996Go: Molfino et al., 1991Go; Nicolai, 1997Go; Nightingale et al., 1999Go; Siegel et al., 1997Go: Studnicka et al., 1997Go. . . [Full Text of this Article]


   Particulate Air Pollution
 

   The Effect of Particles Per Se
 

   The Effect of Particle-Associated Chemical Substances
 

   The Effect of the Particle Core Per Se versus Adsorbed Chemical Substances
 

   Physical Characteristics of Particles
 

   Particles and Allergy—Sensitization and Provocation
 

   The Importance of the Genetic Background
 

   Concluding Remarks
 

   NOTES
 

   REFERENCES
 

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