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ToxSci Advance Access originally published online on February 16, 2005
Toxicological Sciences 2005 85(1):585-593; doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfi118
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Toxicological Sciences vol. 85 no. 1 © The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Toxicology. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oupjournals.org

Evaluation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Activation of Early Growth Response-1 and Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors

Jeong-Ho Kim*, Kiyoshi Yamaguchi*, Seong-Ho Lee*, Patricia K. Tithof*, Gary S. Sayler{dagger}, Joo-Heon Yoon{ddagger} and Seung Joon Baek*,1

* Department of Pathobiology, and {dagger} Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, and {ddagger} Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea

Received December 6, 2004; accepted February 9, 2005

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental and food contaminants with known or suspected carcinogenic properties. In this study, we have evaluated whether PAHs activate the early growth response (EGR-1) gene and bind to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR{alpha}) and delta (PPARß/{delta}) in cell culture systems. Luciferase reporter systems were employed and several PAHs were evaluated for their ability to activate EGR-1 and PPARs. Some PAHs enhanced EGR-1 expression and activated PPAR{alpha} and PPARß. Among them, benz(a)anthracene was found to act as a relatively potent activator of PPAR{alpha} and PPARß/{delta}, and to significantly enhance EGR-1 transcription. These in vitro assays were confirmed by Western blot analysis, using cell lysates of tissue samples from mouse trapped at a highly contaminated Superfund site in the Chattanooga Creek floodplain in Chattanooga, Tennessee. We have found that a PPAR target gene, glycogen synthase kinase-3ß (GSK-3ß), was down-regulated and EGR-1 was up-regulated in the mouse samples of Chattanooga Creek. In addition, select PAHs repressed GSK-3ß and induced CYP4A in FaO rat hepatoma cells. In conclusion, PAHs activate PPAR{alpha} and PPARß/{delta}, and up-regulate EGR-1 expression in vitro as well as in vivo. These data may provide a diversity of PAH activity in several biological pathways.

Key Words: PAHs; PPAR{alpha}; PPAR{delta}; EGR-1; GSK-3ß.


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