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ToxSci Advance Access originally published online on June 23, 2005
Toxicological Sciences 2005 87(1):123-133; doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfi244
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© The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Toxicology. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oupjournals.org

The Polysaccharide Antibody Response after Streptococcus pneumoniae Vaccination Is Differentially Enhanced or Suppressed by 3,4-Dichloropropionanilide and 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Keith D. Salazar*, Patricia de la Rosa{dagger}, John B. Barnett* and Rosana Schafer*,1

* Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506–9177; {dagger} NIOSH-HELD-ASB, 1095 Willowdale Rd., MS L-4218, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505

Received March 21, 2005; accepted June 7, 2005

Propanil (3,4-dichloropropionanilide) and 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) are commonly used herbicides that have toxic effects on the immune system. The present study determined the effect of exposure to these chemicals on the immune response to a bacterial vaccine. The antibody responses to the T-independent type 2 antigen, phosphorylcholine (PC) and the T-dependent antigen, pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) were characterized in C57BL/6 mice after heat-killed Streptococcus pneumoniae (HKSP) immunization and single or mixture herbicide exposure. Propanil exposure significantly increased the number of PC-specific IgM, IgG2b, and IgG3 antibody-secreting B cells (ASC) in the spleen 4–6-fold over control animals in a dose-dependent manner. However, the number of ASC in the bone marrow and serum titers were comparable in control and propanil-treated mice. In contrast, 2,4-D exposure decreased the number of PC-specific IgM and IgG bone marrow ASC 2–3-fold from control animals. The decrease in bone marrow ASC in 2,4-D–treated mice corresponded to a 3–4-fold decrease in PC-specific IgM, IgG2b, and IgG3 serum titers compared to control mice. The number of ASC in the spleens of 2,4-D–treated mice was, however, comparable to control mice. The antibody response to PspA was not affected by any of the treatments. There were no mixture interactions between the two herbicides in any of the responses measured. These results characterize the primary PC-specific antibody response in the bone marrow, spleen, and serum after HKSP vaccination and herbicide exposure. The differential effects of propanil and 2,4-D on the antibody response to a bacterial vaccine demonstrate the potential of chemical exposure to augment or suppress immune responses to vaccines and infectious diseases.


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K. D. Salazar, M. R. Miller, J. B. Barnett, and R. Schafer
Evidence for a Novel Endocrine Disruptor: The Pesticide Propanil Requires the Ovaries and Steroid Synthesis to Enhance Humoral Immunity
Toxicol. Sci., September 1, 2006; 93(1): 62 - 74.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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