ToxSci Advance Access originally published online on December 16, 2006
Toxicological Sciences 2007 96(1):72-82; doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfl188
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Orphan Nuclear Receptor Constitutive Active/Androstane Receptor–Mediated Alterations in DNA Methylation during Phenobarbital Promotion of Liver Tumorigenesis
,1
* Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; Laboratories of
Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology and
Experimental Pathology, NIEHS, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
1 To whom correspondence should be addressed at Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, B-440 Life Sciences Bldg., East Lansing, MI 48824. Fax: (517) 353-8915. E-mail: goodman3{at}msu.edu.
Received October 26, 2006; accepted December 12, 2006
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Abstract |
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Altered DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism that plays a key role in the carcinogenesis process, and the nongenotoxic rodent hepatocarcinogen phenobarbital (PB) alters the methylation status of DNA in mouse liver. The constitutive active/androstane nuclear receptor (CAR) mediates half of the PB-induced hepatic gene expression changes and it is essential for liver tumor promotion in PB-treated mice. Here, a technique involving methylation-sensitive restriction digestion, arbitrarily primed PCR, and capillary electrophoresis was utilized to detect PB-induced regions of altered DNA methylation (RAMs) in CAR wildtype (WT) mice that are sensitive to promotion by PB and resistant CAR knockout (KO) mice. The CAR WT mice developed preneoplastic lesions after 23 weeks of PB treatment (precancerous) and liver tumors after 32 weeks, while the CAR KO mice did not develop tumors (Y. Yamamoto, et al., 2004, Cancer Res. 64, 7197–7200). Our goal was to discern those RAMs which are playing important roles in tumor formation by comparing the RAMs that form in sensitive and resistant groups of mice. Using this novel approach, 42 unique RAMs were identified in the precancerous as compared to the CAR KO, 23-week PB-treated tissue. Of these 42 RAMs, 14 carried forward to the tumor tissue, and additionally, 104 total unique RAMs were observed in the tumor tissue. These results indicate that there are unique RAMs occurring in the sensitive CAR WT mice and that a portion of these are seen in both the precancerous and tumor tissue. We hypothesize that these unique RAMs may be facilitating the tumorigenesis process, and these data support the view that DNA methylation plays a causative role in PB-induced tumorigenesis.
Key Words: CAR; DNA methylation; mouse liver; phenobarbital; tumors.
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