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ToxSci Advance Access originally published online on May 22, 2007
Toxicological Sciences 2007 99(2):366-394; doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfm128
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Published by Oxford University Press 2007.

Perfluoroalkyl Acids: A Review of Monitoring and Toxicological Findings

Christopher Lau*, Katherine Anitole{dagger}, Colette Hodes{dagger}, David Lai{dagger}, Andrea Pfahles-Hutchens{dagger} and Jennifer Seed{dagger},1

* Reproductive Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711 {dagger} Risk Assessment Division, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460

1 To whom correspondence should be addressed at U.S. EPA (7403M), 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20460. Fax: (202) 564-1626. E-mail: seed.jennifer{at}epa.gov.

Received April 6, 2007; accepted May 15, 2007


  Abstract

In recent years, human and wildlife monitoring studies have identified perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA) worldwide. This has led to efforts to better understand the hazards that may be inherent in these compounds, as well as the global distribution of the PFAAs. Much attention has focused on understanding the toxicology of the two most widely known PFAAs, perfluorooctanoic acid, and perfluorooctane sulfate. More recently, research was extended to other PFAAs. There has been substantial progress in understanding additional aspects of the toxicology of these compounds, particularly related to the developmental toxicity, immunotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and the potential modes of action. This review provides an overview of the recent advances in the toxicology and mode of action for PFAAs, and of the monitoring data now available for the environment, wildlife, and humans. Several avenues of research are proposed that would further our understanding of this class of compounds.

Key Words: Perfluoroalkyl acids; PFOS; biomonitoring.

Disclaimer: The information in this document has been subjected to review by the Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics and the Office of Research and Development of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents reflect the views of the Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.


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