ToxSci Advance Access published online on June 12, 2003
Toxicological Sciences, doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfg165
Toxicological Sciences © Society of Toxicology 2003; all rights reserved
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1 Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: erik.dybing{at}fhi.no.
Daily mean intakes of acrylamide present in foods and coffee have in a limited Norwegian exposure assessment study been estimated to be 0.49 and 0.46 µg per kg bodyweight in males and females, respectively. Testicular mesotheliomas and mammary gland adenomas have consistently been found in 2-year drinking water rat cancer studies with acrylamide. Acrylamide also shows initiating activity in mouse skin after systemic administration. Since acrylamide is converted to the mutagenic metabolite glycidamide and forms adducts to hemoglobin in rodents and humans, the tumorigenic endpoints in rats were assumed to be an expression of acrylamide genotoxicity. Using the default linear extrapolation methods LED10 and T25, the life-time cancer hazard after life-long exposure to 1 µg acrylamide per kg bodyweight per day scaled to humans was on average calculated to be 1.3 x 10-3. Using this hazard level and correlating it with the exposure estimates, a life-time cancer risk related to daily intake of acrylamide in foods for 70 years in males was calculated to 0.6 x 10-3, implying that 6 out of 10,000 individuals may develop cancer due to acrylamide. For females, the risk values were slightly lower. It must be emphasised that this risk assessment is conservative. A number of processes may result in nonlinearity of the dose-response relationships for acrylamide carcinogencicity in the low-dose region, including detoxication reactions, cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, apoptosis and immune surveillance. Thus, the true risk levels related to acrylamide intake may be considerably lower.
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Risk Assessment of Acrylamide in Foods
2 Institute of Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, NO-0310 Oslo, Norway
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