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ToxSci Advance Access published online on January 12, 2004
Toxicological Sciences, doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfh056
Toxicological Sciences © Society of Toxicology 2004; all rights reserved
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Received October 9, 2003; accepted December 4, 2003
© 2004 Society of Toxicology

Environmental Toxicology

Water Permeability and TCDD-Induced Edema in Zebrafish Early Life Stages

Adrian J. Hill 1, Susan M. Bello 1, Amy L. Prasch 2, Richard E. Peterson 1, and Warren Heideman 1*

1 School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
2 Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: wheidema{at}wisc.edu.


  Abstract

A common response to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure in teleost embryos is blue sac disease, characterized by pericardial and yolk sac edema. The cellular and extracellular fluids of freshwater fish are hyperosmotic compared to the surrounding water. In order to maintain an osmotic balance, freshwater fish must maintain a barrier to minimize water entry and excrete excess water that passes the barrier. We hypothesized that edema observed in TCDD-exposed zebrafish was caused by a failure of a barrier to incoming water. As a test of this hypothesis, we removed the osmotic gradient that drives water entry by increasing the osmolarity of the surrounding water with mannitol. Abolishing the osmotic gradient between the interior body fluids and the water environment of the developing zebrafish significantly reduced both pericardial and yolk sac edema. When added after edema formation had already started, mannitol only partially reversed preexisting edema. An alternate hypothesis is that TCDD impairs water excretion, allowing water to accumulate as edema fluid. However, we were unable to demonstrate an alteration in kidney function: expression of early markers for kidney development appeared normal, and we did not observe TCDD-induced changes in kidney filtration. An alteration in the overall shape of the kidney was observed, but this may be a consequence of compression by edema. In conclusion, TCDD exposure may inhibit the function of a permeability barrier to water that is critical for maintaining osmotic balance in early development

Key Words: AHR2, ARNT2, TCDD, zebrafish, blue sac syndrome, edema .


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