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ToxSci Advance Access published online on February 19, 2004
Toxicological Sciences, doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfh083
Toxicological Sciences © Society of Toxicology 2004; all rights reserved
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Received November 20, 2003; accepted January 16, 2004
© 2004 Society of Toxicology

Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology

In Utero and Lactation Exposure of Rats to 1R4F Reference Cigarette Mainstream Smoke: Effect on Prenatal and Postnatal Development

C. L. Gaworski 1*, E. L. Carmines 1, A. S. Faqi 2, and N. Rajendran 2

1 Philip Morris USA, 615 Maury St., Richmond, VA 23224
2 IIT Research Institute, 10 W. 35th St., Chicago, IL 60616

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: charles.l.gaworski{at}pmusa.com.


  Abstract

Childhood cognitive and behaviorial deficits have been reported in children born to mothers who smoked during pregnancy (Institute of Medicine, 2001). To investigate these potential responses in an animal model, reproductive and neurotoxicity evaluations based the US FDA guidelines were used to examine the offspring of male and female Sprague-Dawley rats exposed 2 hrs/day 7 days/wk by nose-only inhalation at whole mainstream smoke total particulate matter (TPM) concentrations of 150, 300, or 600 mg/m3 (males: 4-wks prior to and during mating, females: 2-wks prior to mating, during mating, and through weaning at postnatal day 21). Sham air controls receiving filtered air and cage controls were also maintained. F1 rats were weighed, sexed, examined for clinical signs of toxicity and evaluated for neurobehavioral effects through postnatal day 65. Parental exposure was evidenced by smoke concentration-related increases in blood carboxyhemoglobin, nicotine and cotinine and characteristic cigarette smoke-related rodent respiratory tract histopathology. Additionally, nicotine and cotinine were found in F1 blood through the lactation period. Maternal toxicity occurred at concentrations of 300 and 600 mg TPM/m3, where total body weight gain during gestation was significantly (p<=0.05) decreased compared to sham controls. While smoke concentration-related decreases in F1 birthweight and growth were evident (600 mg TPM/m3 significantly different from sham at all time points), no adverse effects on developmental landmarks including age at vaginal patency, or preputial separation, motor activity, acoustic startle response or learning and memory were observed in the F1 generation. This study confirmed that maternal exposure to high levels of mainstream cigarette smoke during gestation and lactation reduces birthweight and retards growth in the rat neonate; however, the developmental and neurobehavioral testing methodologies employed did not appear to be sensitive for an evaluation of neonatal behavioral effects following parental smoke-exposure.


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E. L. Carmines and N. Rajendran
Evidence for Carbon Monoxide as the Major Factor Contributing to Lower Fetal Weights in Rats Exposed to Cigarette Smoke
Toxicol. Sci., April 1, 2008; 102(2): 383 - 391.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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