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ToxSci Advance Access published online on December 22, 2004
Toxicological Sciences, doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfi067
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Toxicological Sciences © Society of Toxicology 2004; all rights reserved.
Received September 24, 2004
Accepted November 29, 2004

Environmental Toxicology

A Bio-Effect Directed Fractionation Study for Toxicological and Chemical Characterisation of Organic Compounds in Bottom Sediment

Henrik Sundberg 1*, Rasha Ishaq 2, Gun Åkerman 1, Ulla Tjärnlund 1, Yngve Zebühr 1, Maria Linderoth 1, Dag Broman 1, and Lennart Balk 1

1 Institute of Applied Environmental Research (ITM), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
2 Institute of Applied Environmental Research (ITM), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; County Administrative Board of Stockholm, Box 22067, SE-104 22 Stockholm, Sweden

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Henrik Sundberg, E-mail: henrik.sundberg{at}itm.su.se


  Abstract

The major aim of this study was to characterise toxic organic compounds in bottom sediments from a PCB polluted bay. To overcome difficulties in pinpointing toxicants in complex environmental samples we applied a bio-effect directed (BED) fractionation approach and investigated the relationships between aromaticity, teratogenicity and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) mediated toxicity. Hepatic ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activities and malformations were investigated in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) larvae exposed by injecting sediment extract and fractions (separated by their degree of aromaticity) thereof into newly fertilised eggs. Our results imply that non-additive effects get more pronounced the more complex the exposure. The fraction mainly composed of dicyclic aromatic compounds (DACs), including PCBs, was surprisingly less teratogenic than the fraction mainly composed of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs). A major part of the latter potential was isolated in a subfraction mainly composed of three- and four-ring compounds (including alkylated and sulphur-heterocyclic compounds). Though no clear relationship between aromaticity and EROD induction was observed, both the DAC- and the PAC-fractions contributed equally to the EROD induction potential. A major part of the PAC-fraction's induction potential came from a subfraction containing compounds with more than five rings. No clear relationship between teratogenicity and EROD induction was observed, underlining the need for a battery of biomarkers in estimating environmental risk. Two specific malformations not previously described in literature - asymmetric yolk sac and fin oedema - could be tracked through the fractionation steps, suggesting that this BED-fractionation strategy is a reliable tool for pinpointing toxic compounds in the environment.

Keywords: fish; TIE; straight phase HPLC; blue sac disease; pulp mill; EROD.
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