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ToxSci Advance Access published online on February 2, 2005
Toxicological Sciences, doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfi101
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Toxicological Sciences © The Author [2005]. Published by Oxford University Press [on behalf of the Society of Toxicology]. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oupjournals.org
Received May 6, 2004
Accepted January 25, 2005

Environmental Toxicology

Oxidative Stress Mediates Sodium Arsenite-Induced Expression of Heme Oxygenase-1, Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1, and Interleukin-6 in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Pei-Chung Lee 1, I-Ching Ho 2, and Te-Chang Lee 3*

1 Institute of Biopharmaceutical Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
2 Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
3 Institute of Biopharmaceutical Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Te-Chang Lee, E-mail: tclee{at}ym.edu.tw or bmtcl@ibms.sinica.edu.tw


  Abstract

Arsenic exposure is associated with an increased risk of vascular disorders, and results in increased oxidative stress in endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Since oxidative stress is involved in regulating the expression of genes related to atherogenesis, we investigated its involvement in the enhanced expression of three atherosclerosis-related genes coding for heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in VSMCs treated with inorganic sodium arsenite (iAs). In human VSMCs (hVSMCs) and rat VSMCs (rVSMCs), HO-1, MCP-1, and IL-6 mRNA levels were significantly increased by iAs treatment. An increase in HO-1 protein levels in hVSMCs was confirmed by Western blotting technique, while increased MCP-1 and IL-6 secretion by hVSMCs was demonstrated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Although modulators of oxidative stress inhibited this iAs-induced increase in the expression of these 3 genes, different modulators had differential effects. In iAs-treated rVSMCs, catalase, dimethylsulfoxide, and L-{omega}-nitro-L-arginine significantly inhibited the increase in expression of all three genes, allopurinol inhibited the increase in MCP-1 and IL-6 expression, but had no effect on HO-1 expression, while superoxide dismutase had no significant effect on HO-1 expression, but had an inhibitory effect on IL-6 expression and a stimulatory effect on MCP-1 expression. Therefore, iAs may enhance the expression of HO-1, MCP-1, and IL-6 in VSMCs via different reactive oxygen molecules. Furthermore, using tin protoporphyrin IX (SnPP) and anti-MCP-1 antibody to abolish iAs-induced HO-1 and MCP-1 activity, respectively, shows that HO-1 has protective effect against iAs-induced injury in VSMCs and MCP-1 is chemoattractive to human monocytes, THP-1.

Keywords: sodium arsenite; heme oxygenase-1; monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; interleukin-6; oxidative stress; vascular smooth muscle cells.
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