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ToxSci Advance Access published online on July 13, 2005
Toxicological Sciences, doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfi258
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© The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Toxicology. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oupjournals.org
Received May 22, 2005
Accepted July 5, 2005

Carcinogenicity

Trans, trans-2,4-decadienal, a product found in cooking oil fumes, induces cell proliferation and cytokine production due to reactive oxygen species in human bronchial epithelial cells

Louis W. Chang 1, Wai-Sze Lo 2, and Pinpin Lin 3*

1 Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Kaoshiung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
2 Institute of Medical and Molecular Toxicology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
3 Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Kaoshiung, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Institute of Medical and Molecular Toxicology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Pinpin Lin, E-mail: ppl{at}csmu.edu.tw


  Abstract

Dienaldehydes are by-products of peroxidation of polyunsaturated lipids and commonly found in many foods or food-products. Both National Cancer Institute (NCI) and NTP have expressed great concern on the potential genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of dienaldehydes. Trans, trans-2,4-decadienal (tt-DDE or 2,4-De), a specific type of dienaldehydes, is abundant in heated oils, and has been associated with lung adenocarcinoma development in women due to their exposure to oil fumes during cooking. Cultured human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B cells) were exposed to 0.1 or 1.0 µM tt-DDE for 45 days and oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, GSH/GSSG ratio, cell proliferation and expression of TNF{alpha} and IL-1{beta} were measured. The results show that tt-DDE induced oxidative stress, an increase in ROS production and a decrease in GSH/GSSG ratio (glutathione status) in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment of BEAS-2B cellswith 1.0 µM tt-DDE for 45 days, increased cell proliferation and the expression and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF{alpha} and IL-1{beta}. Co-treatment of BEAS-2B cells with antioxidant N-acetylcysteine prevented tt-DDE induced cell proliferation and release of cytokines. Therefore, these results suggest that tt-DDE-induced changes may be due to increased ROS production and enhanced oxidative stress. Since increased cell proliferation and the release of TNF-{alpha} and IL-1{beta} are believed to be involved in tumor promotion, our results suggest that tt-DDE, may play a role in cancer promotion. Previous studies on dienaldehydes have focused on their genotoxic or carcinogenic effects in the gastrointestinal tract, present study suggests a potential new role of tt-DDE as a tumor promoter in human lung epithelial cells.

Keywords: tt-DDE; dienaldehydes; cell proliferation; cytokines.
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