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ToxSci Advance Access published online on July 20, 2005
Toxicological Sciences, doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfi264
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Published by Oxford University Press 2005.
Received June 2, 2005
Accepted July 14, 2005

Neurotoxicology

Effects of chronic dietary and repeated acute exposure to chlorpyrifos on learning and sustained attention in rats

Tracey E. Samsam 1, Deborah L. Hunter 1, and Philip J. Bushnell 1*

1 Neurotoxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Philip J. Bushnell, E-mail: bushnell.philip{at}epa.gov


  Abstract

Cognitive and motor impairment often follow acute poisoning with an organophosphorous (OP) pesticide. However, the persistence of these effects and the conditions necessary for their appearance are not clear: a specific concern is whether symptomatic poisoning is necessary for persistent effects. This study examined the effects of chronic dietary and repeated high-level acute exposure to the pesticide chlorpyrifos (diethyl 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothionate, CPF) on learning and attention. Beginning at 3 months of age, male Long-Evans rats received dietary CPF at a daily dose of 0, 1, or 5 mg/kg for one year. Half of each dietary group also received an acute oral dose of CPF (initial dose at 60 mg/kg, 5 doses at 45 mg/kg) every 2 months. Beginning two weeks before the 4th acute dose, behavioral assessments were conducted on the 8 rats in each of the 6 exposure groups (0-Oil, 0-CPF, 1-Oil, 1-CPF, 5-Oil and 5-CPF). Using an autoshaping procedure, the groups learned to press a lever for food in the following order: 5-Oil, 5-CPF, 1-Oil and 0-Oil. The 0-CPF and 1-CPF groups did not learn the response in three 50-trial sessions. Chronic CPF did not affect acquisition of other behaviors required by a signal detection task (SDT) designed to assess sustained attention. The 6th acute CPF dose significantly disrupted the SDT in all dosed groups. Two months after the end of dosing, performance of the SDT was impaired in the 5-CPF group. These data suggest that learning the contingency between an action and reward may be accelerated by chronic exposure to CPF and inhibited by previous symptomatic exposure to CPF, and that persistent cognitive impairment may follow if CPF exposure inhibits brain ChE activity and is accompanied by acute doses sufficient to induce signs of toxicity.

Keywords: Attention; Learning; Dietary exposure; Acute effect; Organophosphate; Persistent effect; Signal detection.
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