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ToxSci Advance Access published online on January 4, 2006
Toxicological Sciences, doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfj084
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© The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Toxicology. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org
Received September 7, 2005
Accepted December 20, 2005

Forum

The Role of Dissolution in Biological Fate and Effects of Nanoscale Particles

Paul Borm 1, Frederick C. Klaessig 2, Timothy D. Landry 3 *, Brij Moudgil 4, Jürgen Pauluhn 5, Karluss Thomas 6, Remi Trottier 7, and Stewart Wood 8

1 Centre of Expertise in Life Sciences, Zuyd University, Heerlen, the Netherlands
2 Aerosil & Silanes, Degussa Corporation, Piscataway, NJ 08855, USA
3 Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674, USA
4 Particle Engineering Research Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
5 Institut für Toxikologie, Bayer HealthCare, Wuppertal, Germany
6 ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, DC 20005, USA
7 Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, Freeport, TX 77541, USA
8 Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674, USA

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Timothy D. Landry, E-mail: tdlandry{at}dow.com


  Abstract

Dissolution, translocation, and disposition have been shown to play a key role in the fate and effects of inhaled particles and fibers. Concepts that have been applied in the micron size range may be usefully applied to the nanoscale range, but new challenges are presented based on the small size and possibly change in the dissolution : translocation relationship. The size of the component molecule itself may be on the nanoscale. Solute concentration, surface area, surface morphology, surface energy, dissolution layer properties, adsorbing species and aggregation are relevant parameters in considering dissolution at the nanoscale. With regard to the etiopathology caused by these types of particulates, the metrics of dose (particle number, surface area, mass or shape) is not yet well-defined. Analytical procedures for assessing dissolution and translocation include chemical assay and particle characterization. Leaching of substituents from particle surfaces may also be important. Compartmentalization within the respiratory tract may add another dimension of complexity. Dissolution may be a critical step for some nanoscale materials in determining fate in the environment and within the body. This review, combining aspects of particle toxicology, material science, and analytical chemistry, is intended to provide a useful basis for developing relevant dissolution assay(s) for nanoscale particles.

Keywords: dissolution; nanotechnology; nanoscale particles; ultrafine.
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