ToxSci Advance Access published online on June 20, 2006
Toxicological Sciences, doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfl040
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1 Program in Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Methoxychlor (MXC) is a pesticide that is known to bind to estrogen receptor alpha (ER
Received April 17, 2006
Accepted June 12, 2006
Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology
Methoxychlor Induces Atresia of Antral Follicles in ER
D. Tomic 1,
M. S. Frech 2,
J. K. Babus 1,
R. K. Gupta 1,
P. A. Furth 2,
R. D. Koos 3,
and
J. A. Flaws 1 *
Overexpressing Mice
2 Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
3 Department of Physiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD
J. A. Flaws, E-mail: jflaws{at}epi.umaryland.edu
Abstract 
) and to induce atresia of antral ovarian follicles. Although studies have shown that MXC is toxic to the ovary, we hypothesize that perturbation to the estrogen signaling system (i.e., increase or decrease in estrogen sensitivity) might alter ovarian responsiveness to MXC. Thus, we examined whether ER overexpression alters the ability of MXC to increase follicle atresia. To do so, we employed a transgenic mouse model in which ER can be inducibly overexpressed in animal tissues (ER overexpressors). We dosed female controls and ER overexpressors with sesame oil (vehicle control) or MXC (32mg/kg/day and 64 mg/kg/day) for 20 days. After dosing, the ovaries were collected for histological evaluation of follicle numbers and follicle atresia, while blood was collected for measurements of hormones. Estrous cycles were determined in all animals to ensure that all were terminated during estrus. Although there were no significant effects of MXC on the numbers of primordial, primary, and preantral follicles in both controls and ER overexpressors, there was an effect on antral follicles. Specifically, our data indicate that 32 mg/kg MXC and 64 mg/kg MXC increased the percentage of atretic follicles compared to vehicle in both control and ER overexpressor groups. Moreover, there was a clear trend towards greater sensitivity to 64 mg/kg MXC in ER overexpressing mice compared to control animals. Specifically, at the 64 mg/kg MXC dose, ER overexpressing mice had a significantly higher percentage of atretic follicles compared to control animals (controls=21.5 ± 3%, n=5; ER overexpressors=37 ± 23%, n=9, p
0.05 vs. controls). After 20 days of dosing, there were no differences in estradiol levels between controls and ER overexpressing mice in all treatment groups. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were similar in sesame oil-treated control mice and control mice treated with 32 mg/kg MXC, while control mice treated with 64 mg/kg MXC had significantly lower levels of FSH compared to sesame oil-treated controls (sesame oil=4.31 ± 0.7, MXC (64mg/kg/day)=1.89 ± 0.4, n=3, p0.02 vs. sesame oil). ER overexpressing mice treated with sesame oil, 32 mg/kg MXC or 64 mg/kg MXC had similar FSH levels. Thus, we observed an increased percentage of atretic antral follicles in ER overexpressing mice treated with MXC compared to control mice treated with the same compound, suggesting that the ER signaling pathway plays an important role in MXC-induced atresia. The trend towards greater sensitivity to MXC in ER overexpressing mice compared to control animals cannot be explained by alterations in estradiol and/or FSH levels..
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