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ToxSci Advance Access published online on August 17, 2006
Toxicological Sciences, doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfl080
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© The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Toxicology. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org
Received August 14, 2006
Accepted August 15, 2006

Environmental Toxicology

Gene Expression Profiles in Fathead Minnow Exposed to 2,4-DNT: Correlation with Toxicity in Mammals

Henri Wintz 1 *, J. Leslie J. Yoo 2, Alex Loguinov 1, Ying-Ying Wu 1, Jeffrey A. Steevens 2, Ricky D. Holland 3, Richard D. Beger 3, Edwin J. Perkins 2, Owen Hughes 4, and Chris D. Vulpe 1

1 Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology & Berkeley Institute of the Environment, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
2 US Army Corps of Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS, 39180
3 Division of Systems Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079
4 Eon Corporation, Davis, CA 95616

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Henri Wintz, E-mail: wintz{at}berkeley.edu


  Abstract

Toxicogenomics, the genome-wide analysis of gene expression to study the effect of toxicants, has great potential for use in environmental toxicology. Applied to standard test organisms, it has possible applications in aquatic toxicology as a sensitive monitoring tool to detect the presence of contaminants while providing information on the mechanisms of action of these pollutants. We describe the use of a cDNA microarray of the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) a standard sentinel organism in aquatic toxicology, to better understand the mechanisms of toxicity of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) which is released in the environment through military and industrial use. We have constructed a fathead minnow microarray containing 5,000 randomly picked anonymous cDNAs from a whole fish cDNA library. Expression profiles were analyzed in fish exposed to 2,4-DNT for 10 days at three concentrations (11, 22 and 44 µM respectively) below the measured LC50 (58 µM). Sequence analysis of cDNAs corresponding to differentially expressed genes affected by exposure revealed that lipid metabolism and oxygen transport genes were prominently affected in a dose specific manner. We measured liver lipids and demonstrate that lipid metabolism is indeed perturbed following exposure. These observations correlate well with available toxicological data on 2,4-DNT. We present possible modes of action of 2,4-DNT toxicity and suggest that fathead minnow cDNA microarrays can be useful to identify mechanisms of toxicity in fish and as a predictive tool for toxicity in mammals.

Keywords: dinitrotoluene; peroxisome proliferators; methemoglobinemia; microarrays; ecotoxicogenomics.
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