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ToxSci Advance Access published online on September 15, 2006
Toxicological Sciences, doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfl108
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© The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Toxicology. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org
Received August 2, 2006
Accepted September 11, 2006

Environmental Toxicology

Urothelial Cells Malignantly Transformed by Exposure to Cadmium (Cd+2) and Arsenite (As+3) Have Increased Resistance to Cd+2 and As+3 Induced Cell Death

Seema Somji 1 *, Xu Dong Zhou 1, Scott H. Garrett 1, Mary Ann Sens 1, and Donald A. Sens 1

1 Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Seema Somji, E-mail: ssomji{at}medicine.nodak.edu


  Abstract

This laboratory has shown that both Cd+2 and As+3 can malignantly transform human urothelial cells. The present study examined metal resistance and the mechanism of cell death when the parental and malignantly transformed UROtsa cells were exposed to Cd+2 and As+3. It was shown that the malignantly transformed UROtsa cells were more resistant to the toxic effects of both metals. The assessment of the mode of cell death demonstrated that the parental UROtsa cells died by both apoptosis and necrosis when exposed to either metal. It was shown that apoptosis was the more prominent mechanism of cell death, accounting for over 50% of cell death. Apoptotic cell death was determined by the observation of fragmented nuclei using DAPI staining, the formation of a DNA ladder and the detection of cleaved caspase-3 and caspase-9 products in the cell lysates. Necrotic cell death was determined by measuring the release of LDH into the growth medium. It was determined that the extent of apoptosis of the malignantly transformed UROtsa cells was decreased and that the extent of necrosis was increased compared to the parental UROtsa cells. These observations are consistent with in vivo studies which suggest that As+3 can act as a tumor promoter during the regeneration of the bladder urothelium. The present in vitro studies suggest that As+3-induced cytotoxicity could set the stage for tissue repair due to its own inherent toxicity to normal urothelium, and then subsequently act as a tumor promoter during the regeneration process through the stimulation of the re-growth of cells that have gained increased resistance to As+3.

Keywords: Arsenite; cadmium; urothelium; bladder cancer; apoptosis; necrosis.
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