ToxSci Advance Access published online on November 7, 2006
Toxicological Sciences, doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfl153
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1 Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824; Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824; Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. The trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON), a frequent contaminant of cereal grains, is known to dysregulate mucosal and systemic immunity. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that DON interferes with the murine immune response to viral respiratory infection. Female Balb/c mice (5 wk old) were orally gavaged with DON (10 mg/kg body weight) or saline vehicle and then intranasally instilled with 107 plaque-forming units of reovirus serotype 1, strain Lang (T1/L). At 10 d post-instillation (PI), both viral titers and reovirus L2 gene expression were 10-fold higher in lungs of DON-treated mice than in saline controls. The lowest observed effective DON dose that impaired viral clearance was 2 mg/kg bw. Although DON amplified reovirus-induced IFN-
Received August 28, 2006
Accepted November 1, 2006
Immunotoxiocology
Deoxynivalenol Exacerbates Viral Bronchopneumonia Induced by Respiratory Reovirus Infection
Maoxiang Li 1, Jack R. Harkema 2, Christopher F. Cuff 3, and James J. Pestka 1 *
2 Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
3 Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
James J. Pestka, E-mail: pestka{at}msu.edu
Abstract 
and IFN-( mRNA responses in lung, the toxin suppressed mRNA expression for IFN-
, IFN- receptor (IFNAR) and IFN-( receptor (IFNGR). DON also impaired induction of two Type 1 IFN-dependent antiviral genes, double-stranded RNA protein kinase (PKR) and oligoadenylate synthase 2 (OAS2). Respiratory reovirus infection caused a mild bronchopneumonia in mice which was markedly exacerbated by DON as evidenced by severe inflammatory cell infiltration, marked alveolar damage and a higher volume density of intraepithelial mucosubstances in pulmonary airways. At 3 and 7 d PI, elevations in total protein, MCP-1, TNF-, total cells, macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes were observed in bronchoaveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of control mice infected with reovirus. DON markedly enhanced viral-induced elevations of protein, MCP-1, TNF- and inflammatory cells in the BALF at 3 d PI. DON exposure also upregulated induction of reovirus-specific IgA in BALF, fecal pellets and serum. DON's effect on BALF IgA was preceded by elevated IL-6 expression and secretion in the lung. Taken together, the results suggest that DON compromised resistance to respiratory viral infection. Reduced expression of INFAR and Type 1 IFN-mediated genes in the lung might contribute to DON impairment of pulmonary reovirus clearance, whereas exacerbation of bronchopneumonia and IgA responses corresponded to increased MCP-1, TNF- and IL-6 expression.
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