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ToxSci Advance Access published online on March 7, 2007
Toxicological Sciences, doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfm043
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Published by Oxford University Press 2007.

Evaluation of the Contact and Respiratory Sensitization Potential of Volatile Organic Compounds Generated by Simulated Indoor Air Chemistry

Stacey E. Anderson*, JR Wells, Adam Fedorowicz, Leon Butterworth, BJ Meade and Albert E. Munson

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505

* Address all correspondence to Dr. Stacey E. Anderson, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), 1095 Willowdale Drive, Morgantown, WV 26505. (T) 304-285-6174 (F) 304-285-6126 (E) sanderson4{at}cdc.gov

Received December 19, 2006; revision received March 2, 2007; accepted March 2, 2007


  Abstract

Up to 60 million people working indoors experience symptoms such as eye, nose and throat irritation, headache, and fatigue. Investigations into these complaints have ascribed the effects to volatile organic compounds (VOC) emitted from building materials, cleaning formulations or other consumer products. New compounds can result when the VOC's react with hydroxyl or nitrate radicals or ozone, present in indoor environments. Several oxygenated organic compounds, such as glyoxal, methylglyoxal, glycolaldehyde and diacetyl have been identified as possible reaction products of indoor environment chemistry. Although research has previously identified diacetyl and glyoxal as sensitizers, additional experiments were conducted in these studies to further classify their sensitization potential. Sensitization potential of these four compounds was assessed using quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) programs. Derek for Windows and NIOSH Logistic Regression predicted all compounds to be sensitizers, while TOPKAT 6.2 predicted all compounds except for methylglyoxal. All compounds were tested in a combined irritancy and local lymph node assay (LLNA). All compounds except for glyoxal were found to be irritants and all tested positive in the LLNA with EC3 values ranging from 0.42 to 1.9%. Methylglyoxal significantly increased both the B220+ and IgE+B220+ cell populations in the draining lymph nodes and total serum IgE levels. The four compounds generated by indoor air chemistry were predicted by QSAR and animal modeling to be sensitizers, with the potential for methylglyoxal to induce IgE. The identification of these compounds as sensitizers may help to explain some of the health effects associated with indoor air complaints.

"The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health."

Key Words: Respiratory Sensitizers; Hypersensitivity; LLNA; Indoor Air Chemistry.


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