ToxSci Advance Access published online on April 21, 2007
Toxicological Sciences, doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfm091
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Comparison of Estimated Dietary Intake of Acrylamide with Haemoglobin Adducts of Acrylamide and Glycidamide
* Norwegian institute of Public Health, Division of Environmental Medicine, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway
Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O.Box 1033 Blindern, N-0315, Norway
National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark
Corresponding author Georg Becher, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Environmental Medicine, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway, Tel: + 47 22 04 22 42, Fax: +47 22 04 26 86, e-mail: georg.becher{at}fhi.no
Received January 2, 2007; revision received April 10, 2007; accepted April 12, 2007
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Abstract |
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In a study comprising 50 subjects, we investigated the relationship between acrylamide (AA) intake from food using food frequency questionnaires and the concentration of haemoglobin (Hb) adducts of AA and its genotoxic metabolite glycidamide (GA) as a measure of the internal exposure. A method using solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography with negative electrospray MS/MS detection for the determination of the Hb adducts as phenylthiohydantoin derivatives in human blood was developed. The limit of quantification for AA- and GA-Hb adducts were 2 and 6 pmol/g globin, respectively, and the between assay precision was below 25%. The estimated dietary intake of AA was (median and range) 13.5 µg /day (4.1 – 72.6) in non-smokers and 18.3 µg/day (7.8 – 32.0) in smokers. In non-smokers, males had a higher intake than females, 16.6 µg /day (18.6 – 72.6) and 12.8 µg /day (4.1 – 30.2), respectively. Non-smokers had a median AA- and GA adduct concentration of 36.8 (range 17.9 – 65.5) and 18.2 (range 6.7 – 45.6) pmol/g globin, respectively. In smokers the values were 165.8 (98.8-211) and 83.2 (29.1-99.0) pmol/g globin, respectively. Using multiple linear regression analysis, a significant positive correlation was found between the AA-Hb adduct concentration and the intake of chips/snacks and crisp bread. GA-Hb adduct did not correlate with consumption of any of the main food groups. Neither AA-Hb adduct nor GA-Hb adduct concentration correlated with total dietary intake of AA as calculated from the reported food intake. Adduct concentrations did not correlate with 24 hour urinary excretion of mercapturic acid metabolites of AA and GA in the same subjects reported previously.