ToxSci Advance Access published online on December 7, 2007
Toxicological Sciences, doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfm295
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Changes in Reproductive Courtship Behaviors of Adult American kestrels (Falco sparverius) Exposed to Environmentally Relevant Levels of the Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether Mixture, DE-71
* Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Rd., Burlington, Ontario, Canada, L7R 4A6; kim.fernie{at}ec.gc.ca To whom correspondence may be addressed: kim.fernie{at}ec.gc.ca.; Tel. 1-905-336-4843; fax: 1-905-336-6434 H National Wildlife Research Centre, Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0H3; laird.shutt{at}ec.gc.ca; robert.letcher{at}ec.gc.ca National Wildlife Research Centre, Canadian Wildlife Service, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0H3 I Avian Science and Conservation Centre, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada, H9X 3V9; ian.ritchie{at}mcgill.ca; katrina.sullivan{at}mail.mcgill.ca; david.bird{at}mcgill.ca
Received September 11, 2007; revision received December 4, 2007; accepted December 5, 2007
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Abstract |
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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are increasing in biota. Here, captive adult American kestrels were exposed daily by diet to safflower oil (controls), or one of two levels of a PentaBDE technical formulation, DE-71 (0.3 ppm or 1.6 ppm), for approximately 75 d, commencing 21 d before breeding. This exposure resulted in eggs having PBDE concentrations similar (low exposure) or within the same order of magnitude (high exposure) reported for wild American kestrels and gulls in the Great Lakes. Compared to controls, kestrels in both exposure groups copulated less, spent less time in their nest boxes, and participated in fewer pair bonding behaviours. Furthermore, the timing of these behaviours, which is important to creating and maintaining the pair-bond, also differed significantly from the controls. The females in the low exposure group made fewer compatible trilling calls and ate less frequently. These behavioural changes were compounded by increasing exposure to DE-71 during the 9-day courtship period immediately preceding egg laying, a standard measure of the kestrel courtship period. The birds in the high exposure group made more food transfers, excited "klee" calls, and copulations, the latter only when compared to the low exposure birds, whereas the low exposure males performed fewer pair-bonding behaviours. This study demonstrates that the exposure of kestrels to environmentally relevant levels of DE-71 modifies the quality of the pair bond, affects the reproductive behaviour of both sexes, and occurs when birds are exposed for a short period as adults. In addition, these behavioural effects are consistent with the observed reproductive changes in these birds.
Key Words: DE-71; polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs); dietary exposure; American kestrels; courtship behaviour; birds.