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ToxSci Advance Access published online on July 22, 2008
Toxicological Sciences, doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfn145
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© The Author 2008. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Toxicology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Exposure to sodium metam during zebrafish somitogenesis results in early transcriptional indicators of the ensuing neuronal and muscular dysfunction

Fred Tilton* and Robert L. Tanguay{dagger},{ddagger},§

{dagger} Department of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology {ddagger} Environmental Health Sciences Center § Marine & Freshwater Biomedical Sciences Center. Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331

Received April 29, 2008; revision received June 27, 2008; accepted July 7, 2008


  Abstract

Exposures to sodium metam (NaM) within the developmental period of somitogenesis (10-18 hours post fertilization (hpf)) results in easily detectable distortions of the notochord by 24 hpf in the developing zebrafish. We hypothesized that NaM-induced transcriptional changes during somitogenesis would reveal the major molecular targets in the zebrafish embryo. Embryos were exposed to NaM beginning at 4 hpf (1000 cells) and total RNA was isolated from embryos at the 3 somite (11 hpf), 10 somite (14 hpf), 18 somite (18 hpf) and larval (24 hpf) stages of development. Using the Affymetrix zebrafish gene array we observed relatively few mRNAs differentially regulated at least 2-fold at each time point (11 hpf-101 genes, 14 hpf-151; 18 hpf-154; 24 hpf-33). The transcriptional profiles reveal neurodevelopment and myogenesis as the two primary targets of NaM developmental exposure. Quantitative PCR of several muscle and neuronal genes confirmed the array response. We also followed the structural development of the peripheral nervous system under NaM exposure using antibodies against neuronal structural proteins. While there was no change in the onset of antibody staining, profound alterations became apparent during the period in which the notochord becomes distorted (>18hpf). Motor neuron development observed with the Tg(NBT:MAPT-GFP)zc1 transgenic zebrafish and a primary motor neuron specific antibody showed similar timing in the structural alterations observed in these cell types. Further study of the interactions of DTCs with the regulatory elements of fast muscle development and neurodevelopment is warranted.

Key Words: developmental toxicity; dithiocarbamate; copper; pesticide.

* Current address: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health., University of Washington


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