ToxSci Advance Access published online on May 6, 2009
Toxicological Sciences, doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfp095
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Reproductive and developmental toxicity of a pentabrominated diphenyl ether mixture, DE-71®, to ranch mink (Mustela vison) and hazard assessment for wild mink in the Great Lakes region
* Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2G3 (jon.martin{at}ualberta.ca, siz{at}ualberta.ca)
Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States 48824 (bursian{at}msu.edu)
Environment Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service, Box 5050 Lakeshore Rd. Burlington, Ontario, Canada L7R 4A6 (Pamela.Martin{at}ec.gc.ca, Greg.Mayne{at}ec.gc.ca)
Community Health Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada, V2N 4Z9 (lchan{at}unbc.ca)
¶ Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Freshwater Institute, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N6 (Gregg.Tomy{at}dfo-mpo.gc.ca, palacev{at}dfo-mpo.gc.ca)
Address for Correspondence: Jonathan W Martin, Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, University of Alberta, Jon.Martin{at}ualberta.ca, 780-492-1190, 780-492-7800
Received January 19, 2009; revision received March 13, 2009; accepted April 26, 2009
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Abstract |
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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widespread persistent and bioaccumulative environmental contaminants. Recent scientific attention has focused on the developmental toxicity of PBDE commercial mixtures following perinatal exposure of rodents, however these studies do not necessarily predict toxicity to highly exposed top predators, such as mink (Mustela vison). Here we assessed the effects of environmentally relevant doses (0, 0.1, 0.5 and 2.5 parts-per-million (ppm, w/w) in feed) of a technical penta-BDE mixture, DE-71®, on reproductive performance of mink and on development of offspring exposed perinatally and post-weaning until 33 weeks. A dietary concentration that causes no effects on reproduction in rodents, 2.5 ppm DE-71®, resulted in complete reproductive failure in these mink, while whelping rates were not affected at all lower does. Developmental effects in offspring were evident in 33-week old juveniles, which were more sensitive to effects than their respective dams. Juvenile thyroid hormone homeostasis was also much more sensitive compared to rodents, and at 0.5 ppm DE-71® total triiodothyronine (T3) was significantly decreased in all males and females, even despite a compensatory decrease of total thyroxine (T4) in females. T4–outer ring deiodinase (T4-ORD) activity, mainly contributed by Type II deiodinase, was not affected at any dose for any life stage, but thyroid follicular epithelium cell height was elevated in the 0.5 ppm treated juveniles (p = 0.057). Ethoxy-resorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity was significantly induced in all offspring at 33 weeks, most likely as a consequence of polybrominated dioxin, furan, or biphenyl impurities in DE-71. Biomonitoring of wild mink in the Great Lakes region indicated that most populations had lower concentrations than what are expected to affect thyroid hormone homeostasis, but margins of safety are small and mink around Hamilton Harbour exceeded the NOAEL for T3 disruption.
Key Words: wildlife; polybrominated diphenyl ether; thyroid; reproduction; development.